1. Wakefield, John Allen. History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians. Calvin Goudy, Jacksonville, Illinois, 1834; reprint Frank Everett Stevens, Chicago: Caxton Club, 1908; pp. 108-109.

2. Ibid., p. 108.

3. Parkinson, Peter, Jr., "Notes on the Black Hawk War," Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin: Wisconsin State Historical Society, Volume II, 1888; p. 356.

4. Magoon, Richard H., "Memoires" in History of Grant County, Wisconsin. Edited by C. W. Butterfield, Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1881; p. 431

5. Jackson, Donald, editor. Black Hawk: An Autobiography. Chicago: Illini Books, 1955; pp. 132-133.

6. Wakefield, History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, p. 110.

7. Jackson, Black Hawk, pp. 134-135.

8. Parkinson, Daniel M., "Pioneer Life in Wisconsin," Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin: Wisconsin State Historical Society, Volume II, 1856; p. 359.

9. History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Chicago: H. F. Kett & Co., Times Building, 1878; p. 294.

10. Boyer, Dennis. Driftless Spirits: Ghosts of Southwestern Wisconsin. Madison, WI: Prairie Oak Press, 1996; pp. 163-165.

11. Jackson, Black Hawk, p. 136.

12. Cooke, Philip St. George. Scenes and Adventures in the Army: or Romance of Military Life. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1857; pp. 178-179.

13. Bracken, Charles. "Further Strictures on Ford's Black Hawk War," Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin: Wisconsin State Historical Society, Volume II, 1856; p. 413.

14. H. S. Townsend speech, Vernon County Censor newspaper, August 10, 1898; Viroqua, Wisconsin.

15. Shaw, Ninevah. "Shaw's Journal," Shaw Family Papers: Illinois State Historical Society, Volume II, p. 1337.

16. History of Crawford and Clark Counties, Illinois. Chicago: O. L. Baskin & Co., 1883; p. 232.

17. Townsend speech, Vernon County Censor, August 10, 1898.

18. Fonda, John H., "Early Wisconsin," Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin: Wisconsin State Historical Society, Volume V, 1868; p. 260.

19. Eby, Cecil. "That Disgraceful Affair," the Black Hawk War. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1973; pp. 253-254.

20. The Galenian newspaper, Volume 1, Number 18; August 29, 1832; Galena, Illinois.

21. Jackson, Black Hawk, pp. 137-138.

22. Ibid., pp. 141-142.